Where is the fountain of knowledge for learning about CNC setups / understanding them

[m_c]

The high pitched noise is the motor stalling.

Stepper motors rely on their windings being energised in order. If you overload the motor mechanically, rather than the motor spinning smoothly, it will stall, and vibrate as it jumps between the activated windings, which is the noise you hear. If you were to feel the motor, you would also feel the vibration. The motor will only start spinning again, once the winding switching speed slows to a point where the rotor can be accelerated fast enough to re-synchronise with the switching.

As others have said, reduce the settings, and try again. There are that many variables involved, that it's hard to accurately calculate readings, so trial and error is the easiest option.
Looking at your figures, I'd reduce max speed to 2m/s, as you may be pushing the limit of what the stepper drivers are reliably capable of.
But I'm confused in your screenshot, because the acceleration figure doesn't match the graph. 300ms2 is very slow for acceleration, yet the graph shows a setting nearer 16'000, which would likely stall even the best of CNC stepper systems.