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06-08-2020 #15
The caps should go as close as possible to the input/output pins on the 7805 - you might find that it's possible to mount them physically to to the 7805 pins.
The behaviour of the caps is the stabilise the operation of the 7805 - which can go into oscillation in the absence of these - that is bad (I'm not suggesting that's your problem - although I could imagine you reading a different voltage on a DMM than 5V if the 7805 goes into oscillation). If I've time tonight I might try testing a 7805 with/without capacitors to observe the behaviour.
The 7805=5V dropping to 3.8V on connecting to Pin16/L293 is very significant, and I'm thinking that's the thing we need to fix.
Can you take a photo of the electronic assembly - I just want to eyeball what you've done wrt the schematic, take out any uncertainty on my side. Also, the underside of the board (I'm assuming some form of breadboard/vero board). In particular there I want to make sure that you've isolated pins on the same row on the L293 (1-16, 2-15 etc).
Re "Inverting" - the only reference on the datasheet is the non-inverting inputs on the L293 device. This simply means that if the input voltage is "high" (near 5V) then the output voltage will be "high" (near VCC2). If the input voltage is "low" (near 0V) then the output voltage will be low (near 0V),
The L293 is a suitable device for what you're trying to do.
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