Indian gismo = bridge rectifier. Easy to replace if you want it looking cosmetically okay. Converts incoming AC supply (from a transformer?) to DC.

Missing fuse carrier (rather than fuse) - yeah, a bit of stuff unpopulated on the board - probably for that - at 500mA it's nothing big that you're missing. Maybe an option on a different machine? Don't worry it - it's never been fitted.

Snipped wires... complete guesswork - but the one thing you'd need on a lathe is a spindle encoder - I wonder...